From: eLinux.org
Deferred Initcalls
Contents
Introduction
An "initcall" is the initialization function for a module which is statically linked into the Linux kernel. Running of initcalls can consume a large amount of time during bootup. However, some modules do not need to be initialized so early, in order for the embedded device to become usable for its primary purpose. These initcalls can be run later, after first boot (and possibly first use) has completed.
For example, many digital cameras have USB buses, which need to be initialized in order for the camera to be used as a mass storage device (to download pictures to a desktop computer). However, the USB buses do not need to be initialized for the primary use of the camera, which is to take pictures. In order to be able to take a picture as soon as possible after booting, initialization of the USB system in the kernel can be deferred until after the primary boot sequence for the camera.
Description
Using a short patch (available for kernel version 2.6.27) it is possible to avoid running certain initcalls at bootup time. The way this patch works is that the developer selects some initcalls that they want to defer and modifies the declaration of those initcalls.
When the system is booted, those initcalls are not called in their normal sequence. When the system is done with primary boot, an application from user space triggers the calling of the deferred initcalls, using a flag in the /proc filesystem.
When the flag is set, the deferred initcalls are run, and the kernel memory for the "init" segment is finally freed.
How to use
To use deferred initcalls, first you need to identify the modules that are not required for the primary functionality of the product, and which are taking too long to initialize. (See Initcall Debug for this.)
Using the example above of the digital camera and USB, you could identify uhci_hcd_usb and ehci_hcd_init as two initcalls that could be deferred.
Change the module init routine declaration for the initcalls you wish to defer. This is done in the Linux kernel source code. For example, change:
module_init(foo_init)
deferred_module_init(foo_init)
Modules marked like this are not initialized during kernel boot
After main init, do:
cat /proc/deferred_initcalls
This will cause the kernel to run all deferred initcalls. Also the .init section memory is freed by kernel. The contents of /proc/deferred_initcalls will return 0 if deferred initcalls were not yet run, and 1 otherwise on subsequent reads.
deferred USB initcall example
As a test, on an X86 desktop system, I deferred the initialization of the USB subsystem on a 2.6.27 kernel, by using deferred_module_init on the functions: ehci_hcd_init and uhci_hcd_init
This resulted in a total times savings of 530 milliseconds, during the kernel boot phase. (Of course, this time was used subsequently when the deferred initcalls were triggered later on.)
Specifially, I changed:
module_init(ehci_hcd_init)
to
deferred_modle_init(echi_hcd_init)
and
module_init(uhci_hcd_init)
to
deferred_module_init(uhci_hcd_init)
Patch
Here is the main deferred initcalls patch for 2.6.26, 2.6.27: Media:Deferred_initcalls.patch
For 2.6.28 the forward-ported patch is here: Media:Deferred_initcalls-2.6.28.patch
For 3.10 the patch is here: Media:0001-Port-deferred-initcalls-to-3.10.patch
Here (inline) is a patch showing modification of USB and IDE initcalls to be be deferred initcalls: (This patch is also available downloadable as: Media:Defer-usb-and-ide-initcalls.patch)
commit e7a5b8bb6a5d04054dec1e85d53bbe115059d0d0
Author: Tim Bird <tim.bird@am.sony.com>
Date: Fri Sep 12 11:35:58 2008 -0700
Use deferred_module_init on long-probing IDE and USB modules.
These modules were taking about 700 ms and 400 ms, respectively
to initialize. On many embedded systems, these initializations
can be done after major boot activity is completed, with no
loss of functionality.
diff --git a/drivers/ata/ata_piix.c b/drivers/ata/ata_piix.c
index e9e32ed..cb2ebf3 100644
--- a/drivers/ata/ata_piix.c
+++ b/drivers/ata/ata_piix.c
@@ -1494,5 +1494,5 @@ static void __exit piix_exit(void)
pci_unregister_driver(&piix_pci_driver);
}
-module_init(piix_init);
+deferred_module_init(piix_init);
module_exit(piix_exit);
diff --git a/drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.c b/drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.c
index 8409e07..44a8340 100644
--- a/drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.c
+++ b/drivers/usb/host/ehci-hcd.c
@@ -1107,7 +1107,7 @@ clean0:
#endif
return retval;
}
-module_init(ehci_hcd_init);
+deferred_module_init(ehci_hcd_init);
static void __exit ehci_hcd_cleanup(void)
{
diff --git a/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.c b/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.c
index 3a7bfe7..9c27ef0 100644
--- a/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.c
+++ b/drivers/usb/host/uhci-hcd.c
@@ -999,7 +999,7 @@ static void __exit uhci_hcd_cleanup(void)
kfree(errbuf);
}
-module_init(uhci_hcd_init);
+deferred_module_init(uhci_hcd_init);
module_exit(uhci_hcd_cleanup);
MODULE_AUTHOR(DRIVER_AUTHOR);
