你可以通过下面的图表(图 5.4-1)找出你应该实现的 HTTP / HTTPS 通信类型。
当发送或接收敏感信息时,将使用 HTTPS 通信,因为其通信通道使用 SSL / TLS 加密。 以下敏感信息需要 HTTPS 通信。
具有网络通信的智能手机应用是“系统”和 Web 服务器的一部分。 而且你必须根据整个“系统”的安全设计和编码,为每个通信选择 HTTP 或 HTTPS。 表 5.4-1 用于比较 HTTP 和 HTTPS。 表 5.4-2 是示例代码的差异。
表 5.4-1 HTTP 与 HTTPS 通信方式的比较
HTTP | HTTPS | ||
---|---|---|---|
特性 | URL | http:// 开头 |
https:// 开头 |
加密内容 | 否 | 是 | |
内容的篡改检测 | 不可能 | 可能 | |
对服务器进行认证 | 不可能 | 可能 | |
损害的风险 | 由攻击者读取内容 | 高 | 低 |
由攻击者修改内容 | 高 | 低 | |
应用访问了伪造的服务器 | 高 | 低 |
表 5.4-2 HTTP/HTTPS 通信示例代码的解释
示例代码 | 通信 | 收发敏感信息 | 服务器证书 |
---|---|---|---|
通过 HTTP 的通信 | HTTP | 不适用 | - |
通过 HTTPS 的通信 | HTTPS | OK | 服务器证书由可信第三方机构签署,例如 Cybertrust 和 VeriSign |
通过 HTTPS 使用私有证书的通信 | HTTTPS | OK | 私有证书(经常能在内部服务器或测试服务器上看到的操作) |
Android 支持java.net.HttpURLConnection
/ javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection
作为 HTTP / HTTPS 通信 API。 在 Android 6.0(API Level 23)版本中,另一个 HTTP 客户端库 Apache HttpClient 的支持已被删除。
它基于两个前提,即通过 HTTP 通信发送/接收的所有内容都可能被攻击者嗅探和篡改,并且你的目标服务器可能被攻击者准备的假服务器替换。 只有在没有造成损害或损害在允许范围内的情况下,才能使用 HTTP 通信,即使在本地也是如此。 如果应用无法接受该前提,请参阅“5.4.1.2 通过 HTTPS 进行通信”和“5.4.1.3 通过 HTTPS 使用私有证书进行通信”。
以下示例代码显示了一个应用,它在 Web 服务器上执行图像搜索,获取结果图像并显示它。与服务器的 HTTP 通信在搜索时执行两次。第一次通信是搜索图像数据,第二次是获取它。它使用AsyncTask
创建用于通信过程的工作线程,来避免在 UI 线程上执行通信。与服务器的通信中发送/接收的内容,在这里不被认为是敏感的(例如,用于搜索的字符串,图像的 URL 或图像数据)。因此,接收到的数据,如图像的 URL 和图像数据,可能由攻击者提供。为了简单地显示示例代码,在示例代码中没有采取任何对策,通过将接收到的攻击数据视为可容忍的。此外,在 JSON 解析或显示图像数据期间,可能出现异常的处理将被忽略。根据应用规范,有必要正确处理例外情况。
要点:
HttpImageSearch.java
package org.jssec.android.https.imagesearch;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
public abstract class HttpImageSearch extends AsyncTask<String, Void, Object> {
@Override
protected Object doInBackground(String... params) {
byte[] responseArray;
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Communication 1st time: Execute image search
// --------------------------------------------------------
// *** POINT 1 *** Sensitive information must not be contained in send data.
// Send image search character string
StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
for (String param : params){
s.append(param);
s.append('+');
}
s.deleteCharAt(s.length() - 1);
String search_url = "http://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/services/search/images?v=1.0&q=" +
s.toString();
responseArray = getByteArray(search_url);
if (responseArray == null) {
return null;
}
// *** POINT 2 *** Suppose that received data may be sent from attackers.
// This is sample, so omit the process in case of the searching result is the data from an attacker.
// This is sample, so omit the exception process in case of JSON purse.
String image_url;
try {
String json = new String(responseArray);
image_url = new JSONObject(json).getJSONObject("responseData")
.getJSONArray("results").getJSONObject(0).getString("url");
} catch(JSONException e) {
return e;
}
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Communication 2nd time: Get images
// --------------------------------------------------------
// *** POINT 1 *** Sensitive information must not be contained in send data.
if (image_url != null ) {
responseArray = getByteArray(image_url);
if (responseArray == null) {
return null;
}
}
// *** POINT 2 *** Suppose that received data may be sent from attackers.
return responseArray;
}
private byte[] getByteArray(String strUrl) {
byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
byte[] result = null;
HttpURLConnection response;
BufferedInputStream inputStream = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream responseArray = null;
int length;
try {
URL url = new URL(strUrl);
response = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
response.setRequestMethod("GET");
response.connect();
checkResponse(response);
inputStream = new BufferedInputStream(response.getInputStream());
responseArray = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
while ((length = inputStream.read(buff)) != -1) {
if (length > 0) {
responseArray.write(buff, 0, length);
}
}
result = responseArray.toByteArray();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (inputStream != null) {
try {
inputStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// This is sample, so omit the exception process
}
}
if (responseArray != null) {
try {
responseArray.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// This is sample, so omit the exception process
}
}
}
return result;
}
private void checkResponse(HttpURLConnection response) throws IOException {
int statusCode = response.getResponseCode();
if (HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK != statusCode) {
throw new IOException("HttpStatus: " + statusCode);
}
}
}
ImageSearchActivity.java
package org.jssec.android.https.imagesearch;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.graphics.BitmapFactory;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class ImageSearchActivity extends Activity {
private EditText mQueryBox;
private TextView mMsgBox;
private ImageView mImgBox;
private AsyncTask<String, Void, Object> mAsyncTask ;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
mQueryBox = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.querybox);
mMsgBox = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.msgbox);
mImgBox = (ImageView)findViewById(R.id.imageview);
}
@Override
protected void onPause() {
// After this, Activity may be deleted, so cancel the asynchronization process in advance.
if (mAsyncTask != null) mAsyncTask.cancel(true);
super.onPause();
}
public void onHttpSearchClick(View view) {
String query = mQueryBox.getText().toString();
mMsgBox.setText("HTTP:" + query);
mImgBox.setImageBitmap(null);
// Cancel, since the last asynchronous process might not have been finished yet.
if (mAsyncTask != null) mAsyncTask.cancel(true);
// Since cannot communicate by UI thread, communicate by worker thread by AsynchTask.
mAsyncTask = new HttpImageSearch() {
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(Object result) {
// Process the communication result by UI thread.
if (result == null) {
mMsgBox.append("¥nException occurs¥n");
} else if (result instanceof Exception) {
Exception e = (Exception)result;
mMsgBox.append("¥nException occurs¥n" + e.toString());
} else {
// Exception process when image display is omitted here, since it's sample.
byte[] data = (byte[])result;
Bitmap bmp = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(data, 0, data.length);
mImgBox.setImageBitmap(bmp);
}
}
}.execute(query);
// pass search character string and start asynchronous process
}
public void onHttpsSearchClick(View view) {
String query = mQueryBox.getText().toString();
mMsgBox.setText("HTTPS:" + query);
mImgBox.setImageBitmap(null);
// Cancel, since the last asynchronous process might not have been finished yet.
if (mAsyncTask != null) mAsyncTask.cancel(true);
// Since cannot communicate by UI thread, communicate by worker thread by AsynchTask.
mAsyncTask = new HttpsImageSearch() {
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(Object result) {
// Process the communication result by UI thread.
if (result instanceof Exception) {
Exception e = (Exception)result;
mMsgBox.append("¥nException occurs¥n" + e.toString());
} else {
byte[] data = (byte[])result;
Bitmap bmp = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(data, 0, data.length);
mImgBox.setImageBitmap(bmp);
}
}
}.execute(query);
// pass search character string and start asynchronous process
}
}
AndroidManifest.xml
<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
package="org.jssec.android.https.imagesearch"
android:versionCode="1"
android:versionName="1.0">
<uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET"/>
<application
android:icon="@drawable/ic_launcher"
android:allowBackup="false"
android:label="@string/app_name" >
<activity
android:name=".ImageSearchActivity"
android:label="@string/app_name"
android:theme="@android:style/Theme.Light"
android:exported="true" >
<intent-filter>
<action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
<category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
</intent-filter>
</activity>
</application>
</manifest>
在 HTTPS 通信中,检查服务器是否可信,以及传输的数据是否加密。 为了验证服务器,Android HTTPS 库验证“服务器证书”,它在 HTTPS 事务的握手阶段从服务器传输,其要点如下:
如果上述验证失败,则会引发SSLException
(服务器证书验证异常)。 这可能意味着中间人攻击或服务器证书缺陷。 你的应用必须根据应用规范,以适当的顺序处理异常。
下一个示例代码用于 HTTPS 通信,它使用可信的第三方证书机构颁发的服务器证书连接到 Web 服务器。 对于使用私有服务器证书的 HTTPS 通信,请参阅“5.4.1.3 通过 HTTPS 使用私有证书进行通信”。
以下示例代码展示了一个应用,它在 Web 服务器上执行图像搜索,获取结果图像并显示它。 与服务器的 HTTPS 通信在搜索时执行两次。 第一次通信是搜索图像数据,第二次是获取它。 它使用AsyncTask
创建用于通信过程的工作线程,来避免在 UI 线程上执行通信。 与服务器的通信中发送/接收的所有内容,在这里被认为是敏感的(例如,用于搜索的字符串,图像的 URL 或图像数据)。 为了简单地显示示例代码,不会执行针对SSLException
的特殊处理。 根据应用规范,有必要正确处理异常。 另外,下面的示例代码允许使用 SSLv3 进行通信。 通常,我们建议配置远程服务器上的设置来禁用 SSLv3,以避免针对 SSLv3 中的漏洞(称为 POODLE)的攻击。
要点:
https://
开头。SSLException
应该在应用中以适当的顺序处理。HttpsImageSearch.java
package org.jssec.android.https.imagesearch;
import org.json.JSONException;
import org.json.JSONObject;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
public abstract class HttpsImageSearch extends AsyncTask<String, Void, Object> {
@Override
protected Object doInBackground(String... params) {
byte[] responseArray;
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Communication 1st time : Execute image search
// --------------------------------------------------------
// *** POINT 1 *** URI starts with https://.
// *** POINT 2 *** Sensitive information may be contained in send data.
StringBuilder s = new StringBuilder();
for (String param : params){
s.append(param);
s.append('+');
}
s.deleteCharAt(s.length() - 1);
String search_url = "https://ajax.googleapis.com/ajax/services/search/images?v=1.0&q=" +
s.toString();
responseArray = getByteArray(search_url);
if (responseArray == null) {
return null;
}
// *** POINT 3 *** Handle the received data carefully and securely,
// even though the data was sent from the server connected by HTTPS.
// Omitted, since this is a sample. Please refer to "3.2 Handling Input Data Carefully and Securely."
String image_url;
try {
String json = new String(responseArray);
image_url = new JSONObject(json).getJSONObject("responseData")
.getJSONArray("results").getJSONObject(0).getString("url");
} catch(JSONException e) {
return e;
}
// --------------------------------------------------------
// Communication 2nd time : Get image
// --------------------------------------------------------
// *** POINT 1 *** URI starts with https://.
// *** POINT 2 *** Sensitive information may be contained in send data.
if (image_url != null ) {
responseArray = getByteArray(image_url);
if (responseArray == null) {
return null;
}
}
return responseArray;
}
private byte[] getByteArray(String strUrl) {
byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
byte[] result = null;
HttpURLConnection response;
BufferedInputStream inputStream = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream responseArray = null;
int length;
try {
URL url = new URL(strUrl);
response = (HttpURLConnection) url.openConnection();
response.setRequestMethod("GET");
response.connect();
checkResponse(response);
inputStream = new BufferedInputStream(response.getInputStream());
responseArray = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
while ((length = inputStream.read(buff)) != -1) {
if (length > 0) {
responseArray.write(buff, 0, length);
}
}
result = responseArray.toByteArray();
} catch (IOException e) {
e.printStackTrace();
} finally {
if (inputStream != null) {
try {
inputStream.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// This is sample, so omit the exception process
}
}
if (responseArray != null) {
try {
responseArray.close();
} catch (IOException e) {
// This is sample, so omit the exception process
}
}
}
return result;
}
private void checkResponse(HttpURLConnection response) throws IOException {
int statusCode = response.getResponseCode();
if (HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK != statusCode) {
throw new IOException("HttpStatus: " + statusCode);
}
}
}
其他示例代码文件与“5.4.1.1 通过 HTTP 进行通信”相同,因此请参阅“5.4.1.1 通过 HTTP 进行通信”。
这部分展示了一个 HTTPS 通信的示例代码,其中包含私人颁发的服务器证书(私有证书),但不是可信的第三方机构颁发的服务器证书。 请参阅“5.4.3.1 如何创建私有证书并配置服务器”,来创建私有证书机构和私有证书的根证书,并在 Web 服务器中设置 HTTPS。 示例程序的资产中包含cacert.crt
文件。 它是私有证书机构的根证书文件。
以下示例代码展示了一个应用,在 Web 服务器上获取图像并显示该图像。 HTTPS 用于与服务器的通信。 它使用AsyncTask
创建用于通信过程的工作线程,来避免在 UI 线程上执行通信。 与服务器的通信中发送/接收的所有内容(图像的 URL 和图像数据)都被认为是敏感的。 为了简单地显示示例代码,不会执行针对SSLException
的特殊处理。 根据应用规范,有必要正确处理异常。
要点:
https://
开头。SSLException
应该在应用中以适当的顺序处理。PrivateCertificathettpsGet.java
package org.jssec.android.https.privatecertificate;
import java.io.BufferedInputStream;
import java.io.ByteArrayOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.HttpURLConnection;
import java.net.URL;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.SecureRandom;
import javax.net.ssl.HostnameVerifier;
import javax.net.ssl.HttpsURLConnection;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLException;
import javax.net.ssl.SSLSession;
import javax.net.ssl.TrustManagerFactory;
import android.content.Context;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
public abstract class PrivateCertificateHttpsGet extends AsyncTask<String, Void, Object> {
private Context mContext;
public PrivateCertificateHttpsGet(Context context) {
mContext = context;
}
@Override
protected Object doInBackground(String... params) {
TrustManagerFactory trustManager;
BufferedInputStream inputStream = null;
ByteArrayOutputStream responseArray = null;
byte[] buff = new byte[1024];
int length;
try {
URL url = new URL(params[0]);
// *** POINT 1 *** Verify a server certificate with the root certificate of a private certificate authority.
// Set keystore which includes only private certificate that is stored in assets, to client.
KeyStore ks = KeyStoreUtil.getEmptyKeyStore();
KeyStoreUtil.loadX509Certificate(ks,
mContext.getResources().getAssets().open("cacert.crt"));
// *** POINT 2 *** URI starts with https://.
// *** POINT 3 *** Sensitive information may be contained in send data.
trustManager = TrustManagerFactory.getInstance(TrustManagerFactory.getDefaultAlgorithm());
trustManager.init(ks);
SSLContext sslCon = SSLContext.getInstance("TLS");
sslCon.init(null, trustManager.getTrustManagers(), new SecureRandom());
HttpURLConnection con = (HttpURLConnection)url.openConnection();
HttpsURLConnection response = (HttpsURLConnection)con;
response.setDefaultSSLSocketFactory(sslCon.getSocketFactory());
response.setSSLSocketFactory(sslCon.getSocketFactory());
checkResponse(response);
// *** POINT 4 *** Received data can be trusted as same as the server.
inputStream = new BufferedInputStream(response.getInputStream());
responseArray = new ByteArrayOutputStream();
while ((length = inputStream.read(buff)) != -1) {
if (length > 0) {
responseArray.write(buff, 0, length);
}
}
return responseArray.toByteArray();
} catch(SSLException e) {
// *** POINT 5 *** SSLException should be handled with an appropriate sequence in an application.
// Exception process is omitted here since it's sample.
return e;
} catch(Exception e) {
return e;
} finally {
if (inputStream != null) {
try {
inputStream.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
// This is sample, so omit the exception process
}
}
if (responseArray != null) {
try {
responseArray.close();
} catch (Exception e) {
// This is sample, so omit the exception process
}
}
}
}
private void checkResponse(HttpURLConnection response) throws IOException {
int statusCode = response.getResponseCode();
if (HttpURLConnection.HTTP_OK != statusCode) {
throw new IOException("HttpStatus: " + statusCode);
}
}
}
KeyStoreUtil.java
package org.jssec.android.https.privatecertificate;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStream;
import java.security.KeyStore;
import java.security.KeyStoreException;
import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException;
import java.security.cert.Certificate;
import java.security.cert.CertificateException;
import java.security.cert.CertificateFactory;
import java.security.cert.X509Certificate;
import java.util.Enumeration;
public class KeyStoreUtil {
public static KeyStore getEmptyKeyStore() throws KeyStoreException,
NoSuchAlgorithmException, CertificateException, IOException {
KeyStore ks = KeyStore.getInstance("BKS");
ks.load(null);
return ks;
}
public static void loadAndroidCAStore(KeyStore ks)
throws KeyStoreException, NoSuchAlgorithmException,
CertificateException, IOException {
KeyStore aks = KeyStore.getInstance("AndroidCAStore");
aks.load(null);
Enumeration<String> aliases = aks.aliases();
while (aliases.hasMoreElements()) {
String alias = aliases.nextElement();
Certificate cert = aks.getCertificate(alias);
ks.setCertificateEntry(alias, cert);
}
}
public static void loadX509Certificate(KeyStore ks, InputStream is)
throws CertificateException, KeyStoreException {
try {
CertificateFactory factory = CertificateFactory.getInstance("X509");
X509Certificate x509 = (X509Certificate)factory.generateCertificate(is);
String alias = x509.getSubjectDN().getName();
ks.setCertificateEntry(alias, x509);
} finally {
try { is.close(); } catch (IOException e) { /* This is sample, so omit the exception process
*/ }
}
}
}
PrivateCertificateHttpsActivity.java
package org.jssec.android.https.privatecertificate;
import android.app.Activity;
import android.graphics.Bitmap;
import android.graphics.BitmapFactory;
import android.os.AsyncTask;
import android.os.Bundle;
import android.view.View;
import android.widget.EditText;
import android.widget.ImageView;
import android.widget.TextView;
public class PrivateCertificateHttpsActivity extends Activity {
private EditText mUrlBox;
private TextView mMsgBox;
private ImageView mImgBox;
private AsyncTask<String, Void, Object> mAsyncTask ;
@Override
public void onCreate(Bundle savedInstanceState) {
super.onCreate(savedInstanceState);
setContentView(R.layout.activity_main);
mUrlBox = (EditText)findViewById(R.id.urlbox);
mMsgBox = (TextView)findViewById(R.id.msgbox);
mImgBox = (ImageView)findViewById(R.id.imageview);
}
@Override
protected void onPause() {
// After this, Activity may be discarded, so cancel asynchronous process in advance.
if (mAsyncTask != null) mAsyncTask.cancel(true);
super.onPause();
}
public void onClick(View view) {
String url = mUrlBox.getText().toString();
mMsgBox.setText(url);
mImgBox.setImageBitmap(null);
// Cancel, since the last asynchronous process might have not been finished yet.
if (mAsyncTask != null) mAsyncTask.cancel(true);
// Since cannot communicate through UI thread, communicate by worker thread by AsynchTask.
mAsyncTask = new PrivateCertificateHttpsGet(this) {
@Override
protected void onPostExecute(Object result) {
// Process the communication result through UI thread.
if (result instanceof Exception) {
Exception e = (Exception)result;
mMsgBox.append("¥nException occurs¥n" + e.toString());
} else {
byte[] data = (byte[])result;
Bitmap bmp = BitmapFactory.decodeByteArray(data, 0, data.length);
mImgBox.setImageBitmap(bmp);
}
}
}.execute(url);
// Pass URL and start asynchronization process
}
}